Evaluating Sedimentation Effects on Mangrove Growth: Comparative Analysis of Coastal Zones in Batu Pahat, Malaysia

Authors

  • Nor Baizura Hamid Department of Civil Engineering. Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Panchor, Johor, MALAYSIA
  • Muhammad Aliyuddin Mohd Kamal Department of Infrastructure & Geomatic Engineering. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA
  • Mardiha Mokhtar Department of Civil Engineering. Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Panchor, Johor, MALAYSIA
  • Mohd Effendi Daud Department of Infrastructure & Geomatic Engineering. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor.
  • Mohammad Ashraf Abdul Rahman Department of Civil Engineering Technology. Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Panchor, Johor, MALAYSIA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22452/

Keywords:

Sedimentation, mangrove, Avicennia marina, sediment deposition

Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems, often called the rainforests of the ocean, are essential coastal habitats that offer key environmental advantages. Nevertheless, they are confronted with an impending danger from sedimentation, a complicated mix of natural and human-caused elements. The research examines the various impacts of sedimentation on the well-being of mangroves, specifically looking at Pantai Punggor and Pantai Perpat in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Avicennia marina, a type of mangrove, is impacted by sediment accumulation and is chosen for its importance in these areas. UAV photogrammetry was applied because of its cost-effectiveness and high spatial resolution. Data underwent processing with the aid of Global Mapper and Pix4D programs, in addition to meticulous mission preparation and camera calibration. Sediment properties were examined per ASTM guidelines, utilizing sieve analysis, specific gravity, and moisture content methods with extra determination of salinity and pH from the in-situ process. The assessment of mangrove characteristics involved measuring trunk diameter with field data and tree height with UAV-derived Digital Surface and Terrain Models. The findings show notable differences between the zones in Pantai Punggor and Pantai Perpat, highlighting the negative impacts of sedimentation on the development of mangroves. Zone 3C aligns most closely with the specified ideal characteristics for mangrove height, soil composition, and environmental conditions. The results reveal significant differences in mangrove growth across sedimentation zones, with Zone 3C emerging as a key area for conservation efforts. The findings provide actionable insights for improving sediment management strategies and ensuring the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems.

References

Adrian L., Allan M. (2000). On the significance of the H/E ratio in wear control: a nanocomposite coating approach to optimised tribological behavior Wear 246:1-11.

Asp, N., Gomes, V., Schettini, C., Souza-Filho, P., Siegle, E., Ogston, A., Nittrouer, C., Silva, J., Nascimento, W., Souza, S., Pereira, L., & Queiroz, M. (2018). Sediment dynamics of a tropical tide-dominated estuary: Turbidity maximum, mangroves and the role of the Amazon River sediment load. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 214, 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.09.004

ASTM D 422. (2014). Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. American Society of Testing and Materials.

ASTM E 1727. (2020). Standard Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for Subsequent Lead Determination. American Society of Testing and Materials.

Basyuni, M., Ramli, M. F., Ariffin, J., & Abdul Aziz, H. (2020). Impacts of sedimentation on mangrove ecosystems: A review. Sains Malaysiana, 49(3), 587-599.

Beretta, F., Shibata, H., Cordova, R., De Lemos Peroni, R., Azambuja, J., & Costa, J. F. C. L. (2018). Topographic modelling using UAVs compared with traditional survey methods in mining. REM - International Engineering Journal, 71(3), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672017710074

Besset, M., Gratiot, N., Anthony, E. J., Bouchette, F., Goichot, M., & Marchesiello, P. (2019). Mangroves and shoreline erosion in the Mekong River delta, Viet Nam. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 226, 106263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106263

Chang, C. W., & Mori, N. (2021). Green infrastructure for the reduction of coastal disasters: a review of the protective role of coastal forests against tsunami, storm surge, and wind waves. Coastal Engineering Journal, 63(3), 370–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/21664250.2021.1929742

Cotton-Barratt, O., MacAskill, W., & Ord, T. (2020). Statistical normalization methods in interpersonal and intertheoretic comparisons. The Journal of Philosophy, 117(2), 61–95. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil202011725

Dietrich, W. E., Day, G. A., Parker, G., & Hobbs, B. F. (2020). The physics and evolution of subaqueous sand dunes. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 52, 29-59.

Earle, S., & Earle, S. (2015, September 1). 17.3 Landforms of Coastal Deposition. Pressbooks. https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/17-3-landforms-of-coastal-deposition/.

Gao, J., Chen, L., Lu, H., Meng, X., Cao, X., Wang, D., Xie, L., Kwan, K., & Hu, B. (2023). The dynamic mechanism of rapid sediment deposition in the mangrove region of the Guangxi Beibu Gulf. Ocean Dynamics, 73(12), 743–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01579-3

Hai, N., Dell, B., Phuong, V., & Harper, R. (2020). Towards a more robust approach for the restoration of mangroves in Vietnam. Annals of Forest Science, 77(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-020-0921-0

Hassan, M. I., & Rahmat, N. H. (2016). THE EFFECT OF COASTLINE CHANGES TO LOCAL COMMUNITY’S SOCIAL-ECONOMIC. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences/International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-4/W1, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w1-25-2016

Horstman, E., Dohmen-Janssen, C., Bouma, T., & Hulscher, S. (2014). Tidal-scale flow routing and sedimentation in mangrove forests: Combining field data and numerical modelling. Geomorphology, 228, 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.08.011

Kaamin, M., Daud, M. E., Sanik, M. E., Ahmad, N. F. A., Mokhtar, M., Ngadiman, N., & Yahya, F. R. (2018). Mapping shoreline position using unmanned aerial vehicle. AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5055465

Komar, P. D. (2017). Beach Processes and Sedimentation. 3rd ed. Routledge.

Lancaster, N. (2019). Aeolian Geomorphology: An Introduction [Wiley].

McLachlan, Andrew, Alan C. Brown, and Thomas A. Schlacher. (2021). The Biology of Beaches and Coasts. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press.

Minor, M. L., Zimmer, M., Helfer, V., Gillis, L. G., & Huhn, K. (2021). Flow and sediment dynamics around structures in mangrove ecosystems—a modeling perspective. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 83–120). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816437-2.00012-4

Mohanta, Pradhan, B., & Sahu, S. (2020). Assessment of species diversity and physicochemical characteristics of mangrove vegetation in Odisha, India. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 135–151). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819532-1.00006-8

Mohd Razi, N. A. A., Mohd Razif, N. H., Ahmad, A., & A. Aziz, N. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of sedimentation pond and sediment trap for river management: A review. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 31(3), 284-297.

Mokhtar, M., Daud, M. E., Kaamin, M., Sabri, M. S., Hayazi, F., Hisham, M. H., Siddiq, M. I., Azmi, M. a. M., Hamid, N. B., & Noor, H. M. (2023). Beach profile and shoreline sediment properties at eroded area in Batu Pahat. Construction Technologies and Architecture. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ny3700

Mokhtar, M., Hayazi, F., Hamzah, A. S. A., Isnin, M. S. S., Kaamin, M., Azmi, M. A. M., & Hamid, N. B. (2020). Condition Survey of Eroded Area in Pantai Punggur, Malaysia Shoreline Using UAV Photogrammetry. Solid State Technology, 63(3), 826-833.

Ndungu, L. K., Steele, J. H., Hancock, T. L., Bartleson, R. D., Milbrandt, E. C., Parsons, M. L., & Urakawa, H. (2019). Hydrogen peroxide measurements in subtropical aquatic systems and their implications for cyanobacterial blooms. Ecological Engineering, 138, 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.07.011

Nickling, W. G. (2019). "Aeolian Sediments and Processes." In Coastal Sediments, edited by S. L. Namikas and J. D. Rosati, 161-183. Springer.

Pähtz, T., & Durán, O. (2020). Unification of Aeolian and Fluvial Sediment Transport Rate from Granular Physics. Physical Review Letters, 124(16). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.124.168001

Parker, G. (2016). Physics of sediment transport by wind and water. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 48, The :711-738.

Pazi, A. M. M., Khan, W. R., Nuruddin, A. A., Adam, M. B., & Gandaseca, S. (2021). Development of Mangrove sediment Quality Index in Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Malaysia: A synergetic approach. Forests, 12(9), 1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12091279

Perminov, Nikolay & Smirnov, Maksim & Nigmatullin, Raoul & Talipov, Anvar & Moiseev, Sergey. (2017). SRA vs histograms in the noise analysis of SPAD.

Ruzgienė, B., Berteška, T., Gečyte, S., Jakubauskienė, E., & Aksamitauskas, V. Č. (2015). The surface modelling based on UAV Photogrammetry and qualitative estimation. Measurement, 73, 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.04.018

Sabri, M. S., Daud, M. E., & Mokhtar, M. (2022). Effect of soil shear strength on shoreline changes at Batu Pahat coastal area. Journal of Sustainable Underground Exploration, 2(1). doi: 10.30880/jsue.2022.02.01.002.

Saintilan, N., Khan, N. S., Ashe, E., Kelleway, J. J., Rogers, K., Woodroffe, C. D., & Horton, B. P. (2020). Thresholds of mangrove survival under rapid sea level rise. Science, 368(6495), 1118–1121. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba2656

Salmo, S. G., Malapit, V., Garcia, M. C. A., & Pagkalinawan, H. M. (2019). Establishing rates of carbon sequestration in mangroves from an earthquake uplift event. Biology Letters, 15(3), 20180799. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0799

Siddiq, M. I., Daud, M. E., Kaamin, M., Mokhtar, M., Omar, A. S., & Duong, N. A. (2022). Investigation of Pantai Punggur Coastal Erosion by using UAV Photogrammetry. International Journal of Nanoelectronics & Materials, 15, 61-69.

Siddiq. “THE INVESTIGATION OF SHORELINE CHANGES BY USING UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY AT PANTAI PUNGGUR .” Faculty of Civil and Built Environment Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , July 2023.

Singh, J. K. (2020). Structural characteristics of mangrove forest in different coastal habitats of Gulf of Khambhat arid region of Gujarat, west coast of India. Heliyon, 6(8), e04685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04685

Wang, J., Sun, J., Yu, Z., Li, Y., Tian, D., Wang, B., Li, Z., & Niu, S. (2019). Vegetation type controls root turnover in global grasslands. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28(4), 442–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12866

Xie, D., Schwarz, C., Kleinhans, M. G., Zhou, Z., & Van Maanen, B. (2022). Implications of coastal conditions and Sea‐Level rise on mangrove vulnerability: A Bio‐Morphodynamic Modeling study. Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface, 127(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006301

Graphical abstract

Downloads

Published

30-06-2026

Issue

Vol. 45 No. Sp1 (2026): Special Issue: FAST-UTHM GLOBAL NEXUS CONFERENCE 2024 - 9th International Conference on the Application of Science and Mathematics (SCIEMATHIC) 2024

Section

Special Issue - FAST-UTHM Global Nexus Conference 2024

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Malaysian Journal of Science (MJS)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Transfer of Copyrights

  •  In the event of publication of the manuscript entitled [INSERT MANUSCRIPT TITLE AND REF NO.] in the Malaysian Journal of Science, I hereby transfer copyrights of the manuscript title, abstract and contents to the Malaysian Journal of Science and the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publisher) for the full legal term of copyright and any renewals thereof throughout the world in any format, and any media for communication.

 

Conditions of Publication

  •  I hereby state that this manuscript to be published is an original work, unpublished in any form prior and I have obtained the necessary permission for the reproduction (or am the owner) of any images, illustrations, tables, charts, figures, maps, photographs and other visual materials of whom the copyrights is owned by a third party.
  • This manuscript contains no statements that are contradictory to the relevant local and international laws or that infringes on the rights of others.
  • I agree to indemnify the Malaysian Journal of Science and the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publisher) in the event of any claims that arise in regards to the above conditions and assume full liability on the published manuscript.

 

Reviewer’s Responsibilities

  • Reviewers must treat the manuscripts received for reviewing process as confidential. It must not be shown or discussed with others without the authorization from the editor of MJS.
  • Reviewers assigned must not have conflicts of interest with respect to the original work, the authors of the article or the research funding.
  • Reviewers should judge or evaluate the manuscripts objective as possible. The feedback from the reviewers should be express clearly with supporting arguments.
  • If the assigned reviewer considers themselves not able to complete the review of the manuscript, they must communicate with the editor, so that the manuscript could be sent to another suitable reviewer.

 

Copyright: Rights of the Author(s)

  • Effective 2007, it will become the policy of the Malaysian Journal of Science (published by the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya) to obtain copyrights of all manuscripts published. This is to facilitate:
  • Protection against copyright infringement of the manuscript through copyright breaches or piracy.
  • Timely handling of reproduction requests from authorized third parties that are addressed directly to the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya.
  • As the author, you may publish the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given. You may produce copies of your manuscript, whole or any part thereof, for teaching purposes or to be provided, on individual basis, to fellow researchers.
  • You may include the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, electronically on a secure network at your affiliated institution, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given.
  • You may include the fore-mentioned manuscript, whole or any part thereof, on the World Wide Web, provided acknowledgement regarding copyright notice and reference to first publication in the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers) are given.
  • In the event that your manuscript, whole or any part thereof, has been requested to be reproduced, for any purpose or in any form approved by the Malaysian Journal of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Malaya (as the publishers), you will be informed. It is requested that any changes to your contact details (especially e-mail addresses) are made known.

 

 Copyright: Role and responsibility of the Author(s)

  • In the event of the manuscript to be published in the Malaysian Journal of Science contains materials copyrighted to others prior, it is the responsibility of current author(s) to obtain written permission from the copyright owner or owners.
  • This written permission should be submitted with the proof-copy of the manuscript to be published in the Malaysian Journal of Science  

Licensing Policy

Malaysian Journal of Science is an open-access journal that follows the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)

CC BY – NC 4.0: Under this licence, the reusers to distribute, remix, alter, and build upon the content in any media or format for non-commercial purposes only, as long as proper acknowledgement is given to the authors of the original work. Please take the time to read the whole licence agreement (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode ).